In fact there is only one part of the Kaaba that has remained the whole time, and that is the Black Stone, which was believed to have been sent to Ibrahim from heaven to place in the Kaaba when it was being made! Some of the members from the tribe of Banu Tamim had converted to the religion. [42] In the Babylonian Talmud, which was passed down orally for centuries before being transcribed c. 500 AD, in tractate Taanis (folio 5b), it is said that most Qedarites worshiped pagan gods. [3], One early attestation of Arabian polytheism was in Esarhaddons Annals, mentioning Atarsamain, Nukhay, Ruldaiu, and Atarquruma. [36] Herodotus in the 5th century BC identifies Alilat (Greek: ) as the Arabic name for Aphrodite (and, in another passage, for Urania),[5] which is strong evidence for worship of Allt in Arabia at that early date. [109] Alan Jones infers from Bedouin poetry that the gods, even Allah, were less important to the Bedouins than Fate. The Bb ut-Tawbahon the right wall (right of the entrance) opens to an enclosed staircase that leads to a hatch, which itself opens to the roof. Until about the fourth century, almost all inhabitants of Arabia practiced polytheistic religions. Other religions were represented to varying, lesser degrees. [31] According to Islamic sources, Meccans and their neighbors believed that the goddesses Al-lt, Al-Uzz, and Mant were the daughters of Allah. The Kaaba, meaning "cube" in Arabic, is considered by Muslims to be the house of God; it rests within the Grand Mosque of Mecca. At this time, the Muslims would perform the Salat prayer facing Jerusalem, as instructed by Muhammad, and turning their backs on the pagan associations of the Kabah. Muhammad is the founder and . Idol3- A warrior from the Umayyad period. Gabriel is important to Islam because he's one of the primary messengers sent from God. [192][194], In Nejd, in the centre of the peninsula, there is evidence of members of two tribes, Kinda and Taghlib, converting to Christianity in the 6th century. [179] According to Serjeant, the Baharna people may be the Arabized descendants of converts from the original population of ancient Persians (majus) as well as other religions. [134], Religious worship amongst the Qedarites, an ancient tribal confederation that was probably subsumed into Nabataea around the 2nd century AD, was centered around a polytheistic system in which women rose to prominence. Direct link to Isabelle Willame's post Hi [56] A recent study has revisited the arguments for Macoraba and found them unsatisfactory. For a general overview of civilization in Arabia before Islam, see, Religious beliefs of Arabs outside Arabia, Robin, Christian Julien, "South Arabia, Religions in Pre-Islamic", in, harvnb error: no target: CITEREFMcAuliffe2005 (, sfn error: no target: CITEREFLebling2010 (, Bwering, Gerhard, "God and his Attributes", in, Robin, Christian Julien, "Arabia and Ethiopia", in, Corrente, Paola, "Dushara and Allt alias Dionysos and Aphrodite in Herodotus 3.8", in, Robin, Christian Julien, "Before Himyar: Epigraphic evidence", in, sfn error: no target: CITEREFKorotaev1996 (, sfn error: no target: CITEREFPeters2017 (, Donner, Fred M., "The historical context", in, harvnb error: no target: CITEREFMcAuliffe2006 (, sfn error: no target: CITEREFTabari1990 (, AA.VV. [33] According to that hypothesis, the Kaaba was first consecrated to a supreme deity named Allah and then hosted the pantheon of Quraysh after their conquest of Mecca, about a century before the time of Muhammad. The name he gives it allows us to identify it as a South Arabian foundation created around a sanctuary. The city was an important nexus for trade to the Near East, and it is known to have had a Nabataean presence during the mid 1st century BCE. The Arabs of Palmyra worshipped al-Lat, Rahim and Shamash. how many idols were in the kaaba before islam. [188] However, it was not until the fourth century that Christianity gained popularity in the region with the establishment of monasteries and a diocesan structure. [3] It is considered by Muslims to be the Bayt Allah (Arabic: , lit. [104][107][108], The Kaaba, whose environs were regarded as sacred (haram), became a national shrine under the custodianship of the Quraysh, the chief tribe of Mecca, which made the Hejaz the most important religious area in north Arabia. [80] Other beings worshipped included local deities or deities dedicated to specific functions as well as deified ancestors. [166] However, there is evidence that the word jinn is derived from Aramaic, ginnaye, which was widely attested in Palmyrene inscriptions. [59] Aside from Sabaean pilgrimages, the pilgrimage of Sayin took place at Shabwa. So many people go there alreadyimagine adding tourists! Many of the physical descriptions of the pre-Islamic gods are traced to idols, especially near the Kaaba, which is said to have contained up to 360 of them. Thanks for asking. The Kaaba, meaning cube in Arabic, is a square building, elegantly draped in a silk and cotton veil. . [67], In South Arabia, oracles were regarded as msl, or "a place of asking", and that deities interacted by hryhw ("making them see") a vision, a dream, or even direct interaction. [55], Sexual intercourse in temples was prohibited, as attested in two South Arabian inscriptions. how many idols were in the kaaba before islam. [47] Mant (Arabic: ) was the goddess of destiny. That Kaaba was different to the one prior to it, and the current one is extremely different to that one! The site housed about 360 idols and attracted worshippers from all over Arabia. "Dhul-Khalasah" was an idol worshipped by Daws, Khath`am and Bajeela tribes and some other people in the Tabala area, 48 km south of Mecca. Hawting, G.R. [92], The Kinda tribe's chief god was Kahl, whom their capital Qaryat Dhat Kahl (modern Qaryat al-Faw) was named for. [79] The discovery of wells at the sites of a Dilmun temple and a shrine suggests that sweet water played an important part in religious practices. The interior walls are clad with marble half-way to the roof; tablets with Qur'nic inscriptions are inset in the marble. Encyclopaedia of the Qur'an p. 76, Key to numbered parts translated from, accessed 2 December, Al-Muwatta Of Iman Malik Ibn Ana, p. 186, Anas, 2013, Learn how and when to remove this template message, "Explosives detectors to be installed at gates of Mecca's Holy Mosque", "Surah Al-Baqarah 2:122 - 2:126 - Towards Understanding the Quran", "Surah Al-Haj 22:26-30 - Towards Understanding the Quran", "Quraysh and the Roman Army: Making Sense of the Meccan Leather Trade", "The Holy Land, Jerusalem and Al-Aqsa Mosque in the Qur'an, Sunnah and other Islamic Literary Source", "IN PICTURES: Six doors of Ka'aba over 5,000 years", "Hijazi Rock Inscriptions, Love of the Prophet, and Very Early Islam: Essays from Informed Comment", "Muhammad's Birth and Forty Years prior to Prophethood", "On this day in 683 AD: The Kaaba, the holiest site in Islam, is burned to the ground", "Saudi Arabia's Top Artist Ahmad bin Ibrahim Passes Away", "Woven with devotion: the sacred Islamic textiles of the Kaaba", "The Historical Development of Paganism in Najran during the Pre- and Early Islamic Era (524641 CE)", " ", Ka'bah info: Everything you want to know about the Holy Ka'bah, Current Ummah of Islam (Ummah of Muhammad), ibn Abdullah ibn Abdul-Muttalib ibn Hashim, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kaaba&oldid=1138732275, Religious buildings and structures converted into mosques, Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages, Wikipedia indefinitely move-protected pages, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles needing additional references from February 2021, All articles needing additional references, Articles with unsourced statements from April 2021, Articles with unsourced statements from May 2021, Articles with unsourced statements from October 2022, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, The Agency of the General Presidency for the Affairs of the Two Holy Mosques, The entrance is a door set 2.13m (7ft 0in) above the ground on the north-eastern wall of the Kaaba, called the, This slant structure, covering three sides of the Kaaba, is known as the, The corner of the Black Stone. , . Before Islam, Arabs worshiped many gods. This practice was adopted by Mohammad after some reform [98][99][100]. Lamp-like objects (possible lanterns or crucible censers) hang from the ceiling. [120][121] Christian Julien Robin argues that the former was composed principally of idols that were in the sanctuary of Mecca, including Hubal and Manaf, while the pantheon of the associations was superimposed on it, and its principal deities included the three goddesses, who had neither idols nor a shrine in that city. [citation needed], During Muhammad's lifetime (570632 CE), the Kaaba was considered a holy site by the local Arabs. (It wasn't black then, though, it's just coloured over time ;) ), Introduction to cultures and religions for the study of AP Art History, G. Eric or Edith Matson, Library of Congress, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b5/Inside_Blue_Mosque_3.jpg, http://thumbs.dreamstime.com/z/interior-imam-mosque-isfahan-iran-34727343.jpg. [74] This type of offering was common and involved domestic animals such as camels, sheep and cattle, while game animals and poultry were rarely or never mentioned. [76], The Kaaba is depicted on the reverse of 500 Saudi riyal, and the 2000 Iranian rial banknotes.[77]. The idols had been sculptured as figures such as a woman, bird, lion etc. [148] Maxime Rodinson suggests that Hubal, who was popular in Mecca, had a Nabataean origin. [33] Some scholars have suggested that Allah may have represented a remote creator god who was gradually eclipsed by more particularized local deities. Behold! [28][40][41][42][43] G. R. Hawting states that modern scholars have frequently associated the names of Arabian goddesses Al-lt, Al-Uzz and Mant with cults devoted to celestial bodies, particularly Venus, drawing upon evidence external to the Muslim tradition as well as in relation to Syria, Mesopotamia and the Sinai Peninsula. [75], Pre-Islamic Arabians, especially pastoralist tribes, sacrificed animals as an offering to a deity. . The Aramaic word was used by Christians to designate pagan gods reduced to the status of demons, and was introduced into Arabic folklore only late in the pre-Islamic era. [23] The three goddesses al-Lat, al-Uzza and Manat became known as Lat/Latan, Uzzayan and Manawt. They also considered some of his characteristics to be seemingly based on lunar deities like Almaqah, Kahl, Shaker, Wadd and Warakh. Then the mushrikeen added more idols until there were 360 of them around the Kabah. Direct link to Maliha Hossain's post Inside the Kaaba are two , Posted 8 years ago. Along the top corners of the walls runs a black cloth embroidered with gold Qur'anic verses. The Kaaba has been modified extensively throughout its history. Eastern corner of the Kaaba with the Black Stone, al-Hajar al-Aswad (photos: Saudi Arabia General Presidency of the Grand Mosque and the Prophet's Mosque). A Mosque in the area of Medina, possibly: This page was last edited on 11 February 2023, at 08:08. how many idols were in the kaaba before islam. [61], The most important pilgrimage in Saba' was probably the pilgrimage of Almaqah at Ma'rib, performed in the month of dhu-Abhi (roughly in July). Once a year, tribes from all around the Arabian Peninsula would converge on . The exact sense is ambiguous, but many Muslims have interpreted the phrase to mean that . [82], Anbay was an oracular god of Qataban and also the spokesman of Amm. Building at the center of Islam's most important mosque, the Masjid al-Haram, This article is about the Islamic holy site in Mecca. Totemism and idolatry, or worship of totems or idols representing natural phenomena, were also common religious practices in the pre-Islamic world. During the civil war between the caliph Abd al-Malik and Ibn Zubayr who controlled Mecca, the Kaaba was set on fire in 683 C.E. Hawkam was invoked alongside Anbay as god of "command and decision" and his name is derived from the root word "to be wise". He was a leader and merchant from the Quraysh tribe of Mecca. [181] They had developed their distinctive beliefs and practices, with a pronounced mystical and eschatological dimension. [179], The main areas of Christian influence in Arabia were on the northeastern and northwestern borders and in what was to become Yemen in the south. Pre-Islamic groups followed many gods and stored idols and statues within the Kaaba. In Petra, the only major goddess is Al-Uzz, assuming the traits of Isis, Tyche and Aphrodite. By Cachet Estate Homes luxus catering frankfurt; vogelflug arbeitsblatt; ehrenwort faschtbnkler noten klavier; [12], The religious beliefs and practices of the nomadic Bedouin were distinct from those of the settled tribes of towns such as Mecca. [178][179] Yemen's Zoroastrians who had the jizya imposed on them after being conquered by Muhammad are mentioned by the Islamic historian al-Baladhuri. The lunar god Hawbas was worshiped in South Arabia and Aksum. According to the holy Muslim text the Quran, Ibrahim, together with his son Ishmael, raised the foundations of a house and began work on the Kaaba around 2130 BCE. The same year, during the reign of Ottoman Emperor Murad IV, the Kaaba was rebuilt with granite stones from Mecca, and the Mosque was renovated. [4], In early Islam, Muslims faced in the general direction of Jerusalem as the qibla in their prayers before changing the direction to face the Kaaba, believed by Muslims to be a result of a Quranic verse revelation to Muhammad.[5]. [129] Muhammad's denunciation of the Meccan traditional religion was especially offensive to his own tribe, the Quraysh, as they were the guardians of the Kaaba. It faces very slightly southeast from the center of the. [20], Aside from benevolent gods and spirits, there existed malevolent beings. [141], According to the Book of Idols, the Tayy tribe worshipped al-Fals, whose idol stood on Jabal Aja,[142] while the Kalb tribe worshipped Wadd, who had an idol in Dumat al-Jandal.[143][144]. [49] Paola Corrente, writing in Redefining Dionysus, considers she might have been a god of vegetation or a celestial deity of atmospheric phenomena and a sky deity. Muhammad destroyed the pagan idols at the Kaaba, and dedicated the structure to Allah . [76], In South Arabia, beginning with the Christian era, or perhaps a short while before, statuettes were presented before the deity, known as slm (male) or slmt (female). One family of the tribe built a large church at Najran called Deir Najran, also known as the "Ka'ba of Najran". The kiswa, a large cloth that covers the Kaaba, which used to be sent from Egypt with the hajj caravan, today is made in Saudi Arabia. [181] In the Islamic tradition, based on a phrase in the Quran, Arab Jews are said to have referred to Uzair as the son of Allah, although the historical accuracy of this assertion has been disputed. 'going about') is one of the Islamic rituals of pilgrimage and is compulsory during both the Hajj and Umrah. To log in and use all the features of Khan Academy, please enable JavaScript in your browser. Direct link to aishathzarashiyam's post (I am a muslim) [166] One had to protect oneself from them, but they were not the objects of a true cult. [76] The victim's blood, according to pre-Islamic Arabic poetry and certain South Arabian inscriptions, was also 'poured out' on the altar stone, thus forming a bond between the human and the deity. Several idols were placed within the Kaaba representing deities of different aspects of nature and different tribes. Direct link to ermine's post I dont follow any religi, Posted 2 years ago. The Kaaba, located in Mecca, Saudi Arabia, is a cube-shaped structure that is considered the most sacred site in Islam. [94] An inscription in Qaryat Dhat Kahl invokes the gods Kahl, Athtar al-Shariq and Lah. He replied "The mosque of Al-Aqsa (in Jerusalem)." [68], At the culmination of his mission,[69] in 630 CE, after the allies of the Quraysh, the Banu Bakr, violated the Treaty of Hudaybiyyah, Muhammad conquered Mecca. ", Sahih al-Bukhari: Volume 4, Book 55, Hadith Number 585[51][52], While Abraham was building the Kaaba, an angel brought to him the Black Stone which he placed in the eastern corner of the structure. According to one hypothesis, which goes back to Julius Wellhausen, Allah (the supreme deity of the tribal federation around Quraysh) was a designation that consecrated the superiority of Hubal (the supreme deity of Quraysh) over the other gods. Evidence from surviving inscriptions suggests that each of the southern kingdoms had its own pantheon of three to five deities, the major deity always being a god. [181] The Yemeni Himyarites converted to Judaism in the 4th century, and some of the Kinda were also converted in the 4th/5th century. The number of idols around the Holy Ka'bah was approximately 360. The ceiling itself is of a darker colour, similar in hue to the lower trimming. [186] Some of the Banu Harith had converted to Christianity. We are planning on adding a section on Jewish art soon. [89] The South Arabian gods in Aksum included Dhat-Himyam and Dhat-Ba'adan. The most important of these were the beliefs of the Arabs. Polytheism and worship of Idols became the most . Thus, the kingdom of Saba' had Almaqah, the kingdom of Ma'in had Wadd, the kingdom of Qataban had 'Amm, and the kingdom of Hadhramaut had Sayin. Accept (this service) from us: For Thou art the All-Hearing, the All-knowing. [127], According to Ibn Sa'd, the opposition in Mecca started when the prophet of Islam, Muhammad, delivered verses that "spoke shamefully of the idols they (the Meccans) worshiped other than Himself (God) and mentioned the perdition of their fathers who died in disbelief". When they were asked why they do that, they would answer: "We are following in the steps of our ancestors." This was their only excuse. How long has Mecca and Medina been restricted to Muslims only? [83] His name was invoked in royal regulations regarding water supply. He said, "Al-Masjid-ul-Haram (in Mecca)." ['Ata'] said: "Yes, there was set in it a picture of Maryam adorned (muzawwaqan); in her lap, her son Isa sat adorned. [72], Before conversion to Christianity, the Aksumites followed a polytheistic religion that was similar to that of Southern Arabia. According to the holy Muslim text the Quran, Ibrahim, together with his son Ishmael, raised the foundations of a house and began work on the Kaaba around 2130 BCE. [53] Under Greco-Roman influence, an anthropomorphic statue might be used instead. They also developed certain dietary and cultural restrictions. What does the angel of gabriel have to do with muslims? Before the holy Kaaba was draped in the black Kiswa, it had numerous colors primarily that of green, white . Jonathan Bloom and Sheila Blair, Mecca in, Posted 9 years ago. Pilgrims at the first two stations performed wuquf or standing in adoration. [66], The ancient Arabs that inhabitated the Arabian Peninsula before the advent of Islam used to profess a widespread belief in fatalism (adar) alongside a fearful consideration for the sky and the stars, which they held to be ultimately responsible for every phenomena that occurs on Earth and for the destiny of humankind. The site housed about 360 idols and attracted worshippers from all over Arabia. Note: The major (long) axis of the Kaaba has been observed to align with the rising of the star Canopus toward which its southern wall is directed, while its minor axis (its eastwest facades) roughly align with the sunrise of summer solstice and the sunset of winter solstice.[89][90]. [110] Abraha had recently constructed a splendid church in Sana'a, and he wanted to make that city a major center of pilgrimage, but Mecca's Kaaba presented a challenge to his plan. How many idols were in the Kaaba before Islam? [59] However, Ian D. Morris argues that Gibbon had misread the source: Diodorus puts the temple too far north for it to have been Mecca.[60]. 'Cloth') is changed. [152], Palmyra was a cosmopolitan society, with its population being a mix of Aramaeans and Arabs. Direct link to i 's post It is believed that Ibrah. [186] The north west was under the influence of Christian missionary activity from the Roman Empire where the Ghassanids, a client kingdom of the Romans, were converted to Christianity. [13], A large number of deities did not have proper names and were referred to by titles indicating a quality, a family relationship, or a locale preceded by "he who" or "she who" (dh or dht respectively). According to Islamic history, the Kaaba was rebuilt several times throughout history, most famously by Ibrahim (Abraham) and his son Ismail (Ishmael), when he returned to the valley of Mecca several years after leaving his wife Hajar (Hagar) and Ismail there upon Allah's command. I am wondering if the religion that is practiced in the Kaaba has changed a lot over time, or if Islam has not been modified a lot since the time of the Prophet Muhammad. If you're behind a web filter, please make sure that the domains *.kastatic.org and *.kasandbox.org are unblocked. "Allah has spoken the Truth, therefore follow the creed of Ibrahim, a man of pure faith and no idolater". [33], In Samaritan literature, the Samaritan Book of the Secrets of Moses (Asatir) states that Ismail and his eldest son Nebaioth built the Kaaba as well as the city of Mecca. [9] The relationship between a god and a stone as his representation can be seen from the third-century Syriac work called the Homily of Pseudo-Meliton where he describes the pagan faiths of Syriac-speakers in northern Mesopotamia, who were mostly Arabs. Muhammad took part in the reconstruction of the Kaaba after its structure was damaged due to floods around 600 CE. [140] The worship of the Hermonian gods Leucothea and Theandrios was spread from Phoenicia to Arabia. I guess they mean that the newly restored Kaaba was designed by Muhammad. This is an early record from the Rashidun caliphate, of a Christian origin that explicitly mentions the Kaaba, and confirms the idea that not just the Arabs but certain Christians as well, associated the site with Ibrahim in the seventh century. [72] He performed the Hajj in 632 CE called the Hujjat ul-Wada' ("Farewell Pilgrimage") since Muhammad prophesied his impending death on this event. [103] Scholars do not agree as to the time when such oral accounts began to be systematically collected and written down,[106] and they differ greatly in their assessment of the historical reliability of the available texts. When Muhammad conquered Mecca in 631 AD, he allegedly entered the Kaaba and destroyed the 360 idols in its precincts shouting: False-hood is destroyed; truth prevails . [11] Author Patricia Crone disputes this etymology.[12]. She suggests that most of these goods were destined for the Roman army, which is known to have required colossal quantities of leather and hides for its equipment. Hello world! The Kaaba with surrounding colonnades and minarets, pre-Islamic monument, rededicated by Muhammad in 63132 C.E., multiple renovations, Mecca, Saudi Arabia (photo: The last major modifications were carried out in the 1950s by the government of Saudi Arabia to accommodate the increasingly large number of pilgrims who come on the hajj. [125] The Quraysh upheld the principle of two annual truces, one of one month and the second of three months, which conferred a sacred character to the Meccan sanctuary. Here are some interiors: I dont follow any religion but Im trying to understand all religions for educational purposes. The caliph Uthman (ruled 64456) built the colonnades around the open plaza where the Kaaba stands and incorporated other important monuments into the sanctuary. After finishing prayer, the Kaba is again closed until the next year. [138] They transformed it into a desert tent-shrine set up with a copper sculpture of a snake. [75], After heavy rains and flooding in 1626, the walls of the Kaaba collapsed and the Mosque was damaged. They believed that the ghost of a slain person would cry out from the grave until their thirst for blood was quenched. Idol2- Allat, the mother goddess on a camel from Taif, Saudi Arabia, around 100 AD. piano urbanistico comunale normativa. [79] These included Bel, a god popular in the Syrian city of Palmyra, the Mesopotamian deities Nabu and Shamash, the Greek deities Poseidon and Artemis and the west Arabian deities Kahl and Manat.[79]. [192][193] It included Bahrain, Tarout Island, Al-Khatt, Al-Hasa, and Qatar. [44], Allt (Arabic: ) or al-Lt was worshipped throughout the ancient Near East with various associations. "[34] The Asatir book was likely compiled in the 10th century CE,[35] though Moses Gaster suggested in 1927 that it was written no later than the second half of the 3rd century BCE. Museo archeologico dei Campi Flegrei Catalogo generale (vol. Monimos derived from Mu'nim or "the favourable one", and was another name of Ruda or Ruldaiu as apparent from spellings of his name in Sennacherib's Annals. [23], Some scholars postulate that in pre-Islamic Arabia, including in Mecca,[24] Allah was considered to be a deity,[24] possibly a creator deity or a supreme deity in a polytheistic pantheon. All invented rituals were wiped out and all fairs and. The Kaaba, granite masonry, covered with silk curtain and calligraphy in gold and silver-wrapped thread, pre-Islamic monument, rededicated by Muhammad in 63132 C.E., multiple renovations, Mecca, Saudi Arabia (photo: Pilgrimage to a holy site is a core principle of almost all faiths. [67] Accordingly, they shaped their entire lives in accordance with their interpretations of astral configurations and phenomena. The victims were generally prisoners of war, who represented the god's part of the victory in booty, although other forms might have existed. The door of the Kaaba is now made of solid gold; it was added in 1982. Other religions were represented to varying, lesser degrees. He said, "Forty years." [17] Unlike jinn, ginnaye could not hurt nor possess humans and were much more similar to the Roman genius. [20] According to reports collected by Ibn Ishaq and al-Azraqi, Muhammad spared a painting of Mary and Jesus, and a fresco of Ibrahim. It took its present name from what it had been, since the memory of the place was preserved with the generations of their race. Although the bigger room can be visited by the companions of the King but the smaller room is open only for the king. [109] Its role was solidified by a confrontation with the Christian king Abraha, who controlled much of Arabia from a seat of power in Yemen in the middle of the sixth century. According to Islamic tradition, God ordained a place of worship on Earth to reflect the house in heaven . [24][19], al-Azraqi provides the following narrative on the authority of his grandfather:[19], I have heard that there was set up in al-Bayt (referring to the Kaaba) a picture (Arabic: , romanized:Timthal, lit. It states that the Kaaba was the first House of Worship for mankind, and that it was built by Ibrahim and Ismail on Allah's instructions.[37][38][39]. In short, the society was in darkness and the world was in need of guidance from God. [25] However, by the time of Muhammad's era, it seems that the Kaaba was venerated as the shrine of Allah, the High God.
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