Supported by a powerful military lite, Tamar was able to build on the successes of her predecessors to consolidate an empire which dominated the Caucasus, and extended over large parts of present-day Azerbaijan, Armenia, and eastern Turkey as well as parts of northern Iran,[53] until its collapse under the Mongol attacks within two decades after Tamar's death in 1213.[54]. Simmering disputes within two regions of Georgia; Abkhazia and South Ossetia, between local separatists and the majority Georgian populations, erupted into widespread inter-ethnic violence and wars. On 26 May 2012, Saakashvili inaugurated a new Parliament building in the western city of Kutaisi, in an effort to decentralize power and shift some political control closer to Abkhazia. [9] On March 31, 1991, a referendum was held on the restoration of Georgia's independence on the basis of the Independence Act of 26 May 1918. De facto separate since Georgian independence, offers were made to give South Ossetia autonomy again, but in 2006 an unrecognized referendum in the area resulted in a vote for independence. [199] Since 2012 stagnation in corruption fighting efforts can be observed, according to Transparency International. Georgia (excluding Abkhazia) was one of the six republics along with Armenia, Moldova and the Baltic States who boycotted participation in the March 1991 union-wide preservation referendum. [229] A number of large carnivores live in the forests, namely Brown bears, wolves, lynxes and Caucasian Leopards. 1000 of all 4000 higher plants of Georgia are endemic to this country. why were chinese railroad workers called jakes . Around 23,000 Georgians fled South Ossetia as well. [255] Since 2014, unemployment has been gradually decreasing each year but remained in double digits and worsened during the COVID-19 pandemic. Out of the deciduous species of trees, beech, oak, and hornbeam dominate. As with all other post-Soviet states, Georgia faced a severe economic collapse. [135][136], In October 2013, Giorgi Margvelashvili, a candidate of the Georgian Dream party, won the presidential election. The party was led by Panteleimon Giorgadze. [73] The Menshevik Social Democratic Party of Georgia won the parliamentary election and its leader, Noe Zhordania, became prime minister. [18] Starting with the Persian word gur/gurn, the word was later adopted in numerous other languages, including Slavic and West European languages. Georgian is the primary language of 87.7 per cent of the population, followed by 6.2 per cent speaking Azerbaijani, 3.9 per cent Armenian, 1.2 per cent Russian, and 1 per cent other languages. [290][289] Other factors in the population decline include birth-death deficits for the period 19952010 and the exclusion of Abkhazia and South Ossetia from the statistics. [275] There are a number of seaports along Georgia's Black Sea coast, the largest and most busy of which is the Port of Batumi; whilst the town is itself a seaside resort, the port is a major cargo terminal in the Caucasus and is often used by neighbouring Azerbaijan as a transit point for making energy deliveries to Europe. In 2016, 2,714,773 tourists brought approximately US$2.16billion to the country. [233] According to the International Union for Conservation of Nature, there are 4,300 species of vascular plants in Georgia. Edn 10. The threshold for the proportional vote was lowered to 1%, which resulted in 9 parties being represented in parliament. [citation needed], Georgian ecclesiastic art is one of the most notable aspects of Georgian Christian architecture, which combines the classical dome style with the original basilica style, forming what is known as the Georgian cross-dome style. Also, the population registration system from birth to death was non-functional. [217] In addition, another territory not officially autonomous has also declared independence. [220] Georgia considers the regions as occupied by Russia. [78] The Georgian uprising on Texel against the Germans was the last battle of the Second World War in Europe. Based on this law, 300 medals were confiscated by the Georgian Customs. It was one of the first countries in the world to legalize cannabis, becoming the only former-socialist state to do so. [234] Although the amount of available information is still very small, a first effort has been made to estimate the number of fungal species endemic to Georgia, and 2,595 species have been tentatively identified as possible endemics of the country. 3 mins ago. [75] In 1920 Soviet Russia recognized Georgia's independence with the Treaty of Moscow. An Arab incursion into western Georgia led by Marwan II, was repelled by Leon I (r. 720740) jointly with his Lazic and Iberian allies in 736. In 2018, more than 1.4million tourists from Russia visited Georgia. Current Communist Countries: China, Cuba, Laos, North Korea, and Vietnam. Margvelashvili succeeded president Mikheil Saakashvili, who had served the maximum of two terms since coming to power after the bloodless 2003 "Rose Revolution". The head of supra is known as tamada. Unified Communist Party of Georgia. [149] Garibashvili, who had an earlier term as prime minister in 201315, is known as a political hardliner. [277], Like most native Caucasian peoples, the Georgians do not fit into any of the main ethnic categories of Europe or Asia. Much of eastern Georgia experiences hot summers (especially in the low-lying areas) and relatively cold winters. Later, in 1936, the TSFSR was dissolved and Georgia emerged as a union republic: the Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic. [281][c] The population declined by 40,000 in 2021, a reversal of the trend towards stabilisation of the last decade and, for the first time since independence, the population was recorded to be below 3.7 million. [226] The wettest periods generally occur during spring and autumn, while winter and summer months tend to be the driest. History of Modern Georgia, David Marshal Lang, p 18. [132] The transition was set to start with the October 2012 parliamentary elections and to be completed with the 2013 presidential elections. Various historical regions of Georgia are known for their particular dishes: for example, khinkali (meat dumplings), from eastern mountainous Georgia, and khachapuri, mainly from Imereti, Samegrelo and Adjara. Political tensions with Russia have contributed to the 2006 Russian embargo of Georgian wine, Russia claimed Georgia produced counterfeit wine. [173] The street leading to Tbilisi International Airport has since been dubbed George W. Bush Avenue. Healthcare costs are a major financial burden for the transition economies, which have experienced rapidly increasing demand for healthcare services. [83], During the War in Abkhazia (19921993), roughly 230,000 to 250,000 Georgians[84] were expelled from Abkhazia by Abkhaz separatists and North Caucasian volunteers (including Chechens). [351], The most popular sports in Georgia are football, basketball, rugby union, wrestling, judo, and weightlifting. [350] Among the best-known Georgian wine regions are Kakheti (further divided into the micro-regions of Telavi and Kvareli), Kartli, Imereti, Racha-Lechkhumi and Kvemo Svaneti, Adjara and Abkhazia. In 2005, the agreement on the appointment of Partnership for Peace (PfP) liaison officer between Georgia and NATO came into force, whereby a liaison officer for the South Caucasus was assigned to Georgia. [176] On 13 December 2016, EU and Georgia reached the agreement on visa liberalization for Georgian citizens. The first exhibition of products made by STC Delta was in 1999. Lore-based theories were given by the traveller Jacques de Vitry, who explained the name's origin by the popularity of St. George amongst Georgians,[16] while traveller Jean Chardin thought that Georgia came from Greek ('tiller of the land'). The state of Georgia in the USA started as a royal colony of Great Britain in 1732. [180] After its independence from the Soviet Union, Georgia began to develop its own military industry. Cuba is ruled by the Communist Party of Cuba, whose role is described in the Cuban constitution as the "leading force of society of the state." The Communist Party of Cuba adheres more strictly to the tradition of Marxism-Leninism and the Soviet model than the communist parties of other countries. [115][116], President of France Nicolas Sarkozy negotiated a ceasefire agreement on 12 August 2008. [129] In their Democracy Index 2021 report[update] the Economist Intelligence Unit classifies Georgia as a hybrid regime which is above the threshold for an authoritarian regime but below the threshold needed to be classified as a flawed democracy.[130]. [175] In June 2014, the EU and Georgia signed an Association Agreement, which entered into force on 1 July 2016. But the demographic change it is now experiencingcombined with its relatively isolated. [140] Most of Georgian Dream's coalition parties had left the coalition and landed outside of parliament. [306], Islam is represented by both Azerbaijani Shia Muslims (in the south-east) ethnic Georgian Sunni Muslims in Adjara, and Laz-speaking Sunni Muslims as well as Sunni Meskhetian Turks along the border with Turkey. Other popular sports in 19th century Georgia were polo, and Lelo, a traditional Georgian game very similar to rugby. Cuba is currently a communist country. [52] Tamar was given the title "king of kings" (mepe mepeta). On 13 April 2006, the discussion of the assessment report on implementation of the Individual Partnership Action Plan was held at NATO Headquarters, within 26+1 format. The country encompasses an area of 69,700 square km. 1953 - Soviet Union explodes its first hydrogen bomb. [46] This early Georgian renaissance, which preceded its Western European analogue, was characterized by impressive military victories, territorial expansion, and a cultural renaissance in architecture, literature, philosophy and the sciences. [242][243] The World Bank dubbed Georgia "the number one economic reformer in the world" because it has in one year improved from rank 112th to 18th in terms of ease of doing business,[244] and by 2020 further improved its position to 6th in the world. Georgia. [329] Georgian culture was influenced by Classical Greece, the Roman Empire, the Byzantine Empire, the various Iranian empires (notably the Achaemenid, Parthian, Sassanian, Safavid, and Qajar empires),[330][331][332][333] and later, since the 19th century, by the Russian Empire and the Soviet Union. [120][121] Since the war, Georgia has maintained that Abkhazia and South Ossetia are occupied Georgian territories. In Abkhazia, a minority of the Abkhaz population is also Sunni Muslim. However, subsequent Iranian and Ottoman invasions further weakened local kingdoms and regions. In politics, communist parties have absolute power over governance, and elections are single-party affairs. [200] Since 2016 the Transparency International Corruption Perception Index hovers around 56 out of 100 points. In a letter on Monday, Raffensperger called on the GOP's congressional leadership to . In 2021, Trkiye remained a transit point for FTFs departing Syria and Iraq. renovate or repair 4,400 homes in 14 countries. The only remaining large, low-land forests remain in the Alazani Valley of Kakheti. The medieval Georgian Chronicles present an eponymous ancestor of the Kartvelians, Kartlos, a great-grandson of Japheth. For much of the 20th century, Georgia's economy was within the Soviet model of command economy. [338], Georgian architecture has been influenced by many civilizations. [279], The population of Georgia totalled 3,688,647 as of 2022,[280][c] a decrease from a figure of 3,713,804 of the previous census in October 2014. [114] In an interview published in Kommersant, South Ossetian leader Eduard Kokoity said he would not allow Georgians to return. [b][10] Tbilisi is its capital as well as its largest city, home to roughly a third of the Georgian population. In the early 9th century the Abkhazian Church broke away from Constantinople and recognized the authority of the Catholicate of Mtskheta; the Georgian language replaced Greek as the language of literacy and culture. The 2014 census, carried out in collaboration with the United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA), found a population gap of approximately 700,000 compared to the 2014 data from the National Statistical Office of Georgia, Geostat, which was cumulatively built on the 2002 census. [88], The country's newly pro-Western stance, along with accusations of Georgian involvement in the Second Chechen War,[89] resulted in a severe deterioration of relations with Russia, fuelled also by Russia's open assistance and support to the two secessionist areas. [282][e] Most of them were deported during World War II.[285]. It was registered at the Ministry of Justice on 27 February 1998. [11] Following World War I, Georgia was invaded and annexed by the Soviet Union in 1922, becoming one of its constituent republics. Pyotr Bagration, one of the descendants of the abolished house of Bagrationi, would later join the Russian army and rise to be a prominent general in the Napoleonic wars. The first attempt to unite the country occurred under King Parnavaz of Kartli at the beginning of the third century B.C.E. However, scholars agree that the word is derived from the Karts, one of the proto-Georgian tribes that emerged as a dominant group in ancient times. Georgia is developing into an international transport corridor through Batumi and Poti ports, BakuTbilisiKars Railway line, an oil pipeline from Baku through Tbilisi to Ceyhan, the BakuTbilisiCeyhan pipeline (BTC) and a parallel gas pipeline, the South Caucasus Pipeline. [310], The special status of the Georgian Orthodox Church is officially recognized in the Constitution of Georgia and the Concordat of 2002, although religious institutions are separate from the state. [146] This led to a new political crisis that was (temporarily) resolved with an EU brokered agreement,[147] from which the Georgian Dream later withdrew. The principality of Guria was abolished and incorporated into the Empire in 1829, while Svaneti was gradually annexed in 1858. [269] Positioned in the Caucasus and on the coast of the Black Sea, Georgia is a key country through which energy imports to the European Union from neighbouring Azerbaijan pass. [139], In October 2016, the ruling party Georgian Dream won the parliamentary elections with 48.61 percent of the vote while the opposition United National Movement (UNM) gained 27.04 percent of the vote. The alphabet probably was created soon afterward to . Legislative authority is vested in the Parliament of Georgia. The Five Cross Flag has a white background with a red cross in the middle. In response,[95] several South Ossetian militiamen were killed by snipers. Top 10 Georgia country facts. [268], Today transport in Georgia is provided by rail, road, ferry, and air. Other notable basketball players are two times Euroleague champion Giorgi Shermadini and Euroleague players Manuchar Markoishvili and Viktor Sanikidze. [259] Georgia was ranked 63rd in the Global Innovation Index in 2021, down from 48th in 2019. This method of cultivation is called maglari. In economics, the party controls the country's economic system, and private ownership is illegal, although this facet of communist rule has changed in some countries like China. [228], Eastern Georgia has a transitional climate from humid subtropical to continental. The Upper Svaneti fortifications, and the castle town of Shatili in Khevsureti, are some of the finest examples of medieval Georgian castle architecture. The soil in vineyards is so intensively cultivated that the grapevines grow up the trunks of fruit trees eventually hanging down along the fruit when they ripen. The incorporation of the Golden Fleece into the myth may have derived from the local practice of using fleeces to sift gold dust from rivers. The southern portion of the country is bounded by the Lesser Caucasus Mountains. [222], Georgia is a mountainous country situated almost entirely in the South Caucasus, while some slivers of the country are situated north of the Caucasus Watershed in the North Caucasus. Consecutive research estimated the 2002 census to be inflated by 8 to 9 percent,[286] which affected the annually updated population estimates in subsequent years. The proto-Georgian tribes first appear in written history in the 12th century BC. According to the 2014 census, Ethnic Georgians form about 86.8 per cent of the population, while the remainder includes ethnic groups such as Abkhazians, Armenians, Assyrians, Azerbaijanis, Greeks, Jews, Kists, Ossetians, Russians, Ukrainians, Yezidis and others. By the late 19th century, discontent with the Russian authorities grew into a national revival movement led by Ilia Chavchavadze. Located on the crossroads of protracted RomanPersian wars, the early Georgian kingdoms disintegrated into various feudal regions by the early Middle Ages. Throughout the remainder of the Soviet period, Georgia's economy continued to grow and experience significant improvement, though it increasingly exhibited blatant corruption and alienation of the government from the people. Members of parliament are elected for four-year terms. [82] Supported by Russia, Abkhazia and South Ossetia achieved de facto independence from Georgia, with Georgia retaining control only in small areas of the disputed territories. [245] As of 2021, it ranked 12th in the world for economic freedom. The Global Coalition To Defeat ISIS U.S. Security Coordinator for Israel and the Palestinian Authority Arms Control and International Security Arms Control and International Security Under Secretary for Arms Control and International Security Bureau of Arms Control, Verification and Compliance Bureau of International Security and Nonproliferation Tourist attractions include more than 2,000 mineral springs, over 12,000 historical and cultural monuments, four of which are recognized as UNESCO World Heritage Sites (Bagrati Cathedral in Kutaisi and Gelati Monastery, historical monuments of Mtskheta, and Upper Svaneti). [226], At higher elevations above 1,000 metres (3,281ft) above sea level (particularly in the Tusheti, Khevsureti, and Khevi regions), pine and birch forests dominate. Temur Pipia (TP): Since 2011, a law under the title "Charter of Freedom" has been in force in Georgia. [127], Different opinions exist regarding the degree of political freedom in Georgia. [226], Much of the natural habitat in the low-lying areas of western Georgia has disappeared during the past 100 years because of the agricultural development of the land and urbanization. Georgia's moderate climate and moist air, influenced by the Black Sea, provide the best conditions for vine cultivation. [352] Historically, Georgia has been famous for its physical education; the Romans were fascinated with Georgians' physical qualities after seeing the training techniques of ancient Iberia. [18][19] This term itself might have been established through the ancient Iranian appellation of the near-Caspian region, which was referred to as Gorgan ("land of the wolves").[18][20]. During much of this time (1927-1953), Joseph Stalin was the totalitarian leader. The Constitution of Georgia guarantees freedom of speech. [287] On the basis of that back-projection, Geostat has corrected its data for these years. Russian rule offered the Georgians security from external threats, but it was also often heavy-handed and insensitive. Gold, silver, copper and iron have been mined in the Caucasus Mountains. In emerging Europe's wealthiest nation, Slovenia, GDP per-capita in 2019 was 23,170 euros. Russia received by far the most migrants from Georgia. On 2 March 2005, the agreement was signed on the provision of the host nation support to and transit of NATO forces and NATO personnel. [196] However, following the reforms brought by the peaceful revolution, the level of corruption in the country abated dramatically. About 86.8% of the population of Georgia comprises of ethnic Georgians. According to the 1926 census there were 27,728 Jews in Georgia. Between 6001,000 metres (1,9693,281ft) above sea level, the deciduous forest becomes mixed with both broad-leaf and coniferous species making up the plant life. The Kingdom of Georgia reached its zenith in the 12th to early 13th centuries. [306][c] The Georgian Orthodox Church is one of the world's most ancient Christian Churches, and claims apostolic foundation by Saint Andrew. In the early 4th century, ethnic Georgians officially adopted Christianity, which contributed to the spiritual and political unification of the early Georgian states. In August 2004, the Individual Partnership Action Plan of Georgia was submitted officially to NATO. But the recognition proved to be of little value, as the Red Army led by Joseph Stalin invaded Georgia in 1921 and formally annexed it into the Soviet Union in 1922.[73]. [50], The 29-year reign of Tamar, the first female ruler of Georgia, is considered the most successful in Georgian history. Its root, kartvel-i (-), specifies an inhabitant of the core central-eastern Georgian region of Kartli, or Iberia as it is known in sources of the Eastern Roman Empire. [191] The US State Department's Bureau of International Narcotics and Law-Enforcement Affairs has provided assistance to the training efforts and continues to act in an advisory capacity. Archaeological research demonstrates that Georgia has been involved in commerce with many lands and empires since ancient times, largely due its location on the Black Sea and later on the historical Silk Road. Soviet rule was firmly established only after the insurrection was swiftly defeated. [35][36] From the first centuries AD, the cult of Mithras, pagan beliefs, and Zoroastrianism were commonly practised in Georgia. One of the key U.S. allies in Eastern Europe, Georgia was the third largest troop contributor in the Iraq War and the largest per-capita contributor to the U.S. led mission in Afghanistan.The United States for its part is actively assisting Georgia . [291] Initially the out-migration was driven by non-Georgian ethnicities but increasing numbers of Georgians emigrated as well,[292] due to the war, the crisis-ridden 1990s, and the subsequent bad economic outlook. It is unicameral and has 150 members, known as deputies, of whom 30 are elected by plurality to represent single-member districts, and 120 are chosen to represent parties by proportional representation. The Kartli line prevailed; in 888 Adarnase IV of Iberia (r. 888923) restored the indigenous royal authority dormant since 580. Other deciduous species include several varieties of maple, aspen, ash, and hazelnut. It borders Russia to the north, Azerbaijan to the east, Armenia and the Ottoman Empire to the south.. Thousands of people gathered outside the Central Election Commission to demand a new vote. [164] The European Union has identified Georgia as a prospective member,[165] and Georgia has sought membership. [103] According to Russian military expert Pavel Felgenhauer, the Ossetian provocation was aimed at triggering the Georgian response, which was needed as a pretext for premeditated Russian military invasion. [33] In the 4th century BC, a kingdom of Iberia an early example of advanced state organization under one king and an aristocratic hierarchy was established. Ever since its turbulent founding in 1918, Georgia has been highly dependent on the German Empire, the primary nation guaranteeing Georgian independence. Lake Paliastomi area). [305][c] Azerbaijani once served as a lingua franca for communication among various nationalities inhabiting Eastern Caucasus. [308][309] The Church gained autocephaly during the early Middle Ages; it was abolished during the Russian domination of the country, restored in 1917 and fully recognized by the Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople in 1989.
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